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The rulers and ruling classes of both countries may have the best of life, but they are out of touch with the common people and believe that the status quo will continue forever. In France, inflation is out of control and an oppressive social system results in intolerable and extreme injustices being committed against average citizens, who believe they have the worst of life.

The breaking point пїЅ riotous rebellion пїЅ is near, and the populace of France secretly but steadily moves toward revolution.

Meanwhile, in England, people give spiritualists and the supernatural more attention than the revolutionary rumblings from American colonists, and an ineffective justice system leads to widespread violence and crime. While the English and French kings and queens carelessly ignore the unrest and misery prevalent in their countries, silent forces guide the rulers and their people toward fate and death. This first chapter presents the sweeping backdrop of forces and events that will shape the lives of the novel's characters.

From the first paragraph, Dickens begins developing the central theme of duality. His pairings of contrasting concepts such as the "best"and "worst"of times, "Light"and "Darkness,"and "hope"and "despair"reflect the mirror images of good and evil that will recur in characters and situations throughout the novel.

England and France in embody the concept of duality that Dickens outlines in the first paragraph. Both countries are simultaneously experiencing very similar and very different situations.

For example, both the English and French monarchs пїЅ George III and Louis XVI, respectively пїЅ seem indifferent to the plight of their people and cannot comprehend any power being great enough to eclipse their divine right to rule.

However, while their attitudes will result in revolutions for both countries, the American revolution occurs an ocean away, leaving the British infrastructure unscathed and saving the British population from the massive loss of life and the horrors that will take place during the French revolution. The differences between the two countries become more pronounced when Dickens compares the concepts of spirituality and justice in each country. In England, people are enthralled with the supernatural, especially with visionaries and ghosts that communicate mystical messages.

In France, though, people pay attention to religious leaders out of fear rather than fascination. A man neglecting to kneel to a distant procession of monks may be condemned to a torturous death for his transgression. In spite of the best efforts of Dr Manette, both the elder sister and the brother died. In the Defarges' wine shop, Carton discovers that Madame Defarge was the surviving sister of the peasant family, and he overhears her planning to denounce both Lucie and her daughter.

He visits Lorry and warns him that Lucie and her family must be ready to flee the next day. He extracts a promise that Lorry and the family will be waiting for him in the carriage at 2 pm, ready to leave the very instant he returns. Shortly before the executions are due to begin, Carton puts his plan into effect and, with Barsad's reluctant assistance, obtains access to Darnay's prison cell.

Carton intends to be executed in Darnay's place. He drugs Darnay and trades clothes with him, then has Barsad carry Darnay out to the carriage where Lorry and the family are expecting Carton. They flee to England with Darnay, who gradually regains consciousness during the journey.

Meanwhile, Madame Defarge goes to Lucie's lodgings, hoping to apprehend her and her daughter. There she finds Miss Pross, who is waiting for Jerry so they can follow the family out of Paris. The two women struggle and Madame Defarge's pistol discharges, killing her outright and permanently deafening Miss Pross. As Carton waits to board the tumbril that will take him to his execution, he is approached by another prisoner, a seamstress.

Carton comforts her, telling her that their ends will be quick and that the worries of their lives will not follow them into "the better land where Dickens closes with Carton's final prophetic vision as he contemplates the guillotine: [11].

I see Barsad, and Cly, Defarge, The Vengeance [a lieutenant of Madame Defarge], the Juryman, the Judge, long ranks of the new oppressors who have risen on the destruction of the old, perishing by this retributive instrument, before it shall cease out of its present use. I see a beautiful city and a brilliant people rising from this abyss, and, in their struggles to be truly free, in their triumphs and defeats, through long years to come, I see the evil of this time and of the previous time of which this is the natural birth, gradually making expiation for itself and wearing out.

I see the lives for which I lay down my life, peaceful, useful, prosperous and happy, in that England which I shall see no more. I see Her with a child upon her bosom, who bears my name. I see her father, aged and bent, but otherwise restored, and faithful to all men in his healing office, and at peace. I see the good old man [Lorry], so long their friend, in ten years' time enriching them with all he has, and passing tranquilly to his reward. I see that I hold a sanctuary in their hearts, and in the hearts of their descendants, generations hence.

I see her, an old woman, weeping for me on the anniversary of this day. I see her and her husband, their course done, lying side by side in their last earthly bed, and I know that each was not more honoured and held sacred in the other's soul than I was in the souls of both. I see that child who lay upon her bosom and who bore my name, a man winning his way up in that path of life which once was mine.

I see him winning it so well, that my name is made illustrious there by the light of his. I see the blots I threw upon it, faded away. I see him, fore-most of just judges and honoured men, bringing a boy of my name, with a forehead that I know and golden hair, to this placeпїЅthen fair to look upon, with not a trace of this day's disfigurementпїЅand I hear him tell the child my story, with a tender and a faltering voice. It is a far, far better thing that I do, than I have ever done; it is a far, far better rest that I go to than I have ever known.

It took four men, all four a-blaze with gorgeous decoration, and the Chief of them unable to exist with fewer than two gold watches in his pocket, emulative of the noble and chaste fashion set by Monseigneur, to conduct the happy chocolate to Monseigneur's lips. It was impossible for Monseigneur to dispense with one of these attendants on the chocolate and hold his high place under the admiring Heavens.

Deep would have been the blot upon his escutcheon if his chocolate had been ignobly waited on by only three men; he must have died of two. And who among the company at Monseigneur's reception in that seventeen hundred and eightieth year of our Lord, could possibly doubt, that a system rooted in a frizzled hangman, powdered, gold-laced, pumped, and white-silk stockinged, would see the very stars out!

Dickens also used material from an account of imprisonment during the Terror by Beaumarchais, and records of the trial of a French spy published in The Annual Register. In a building at the back, attainable by a courtyard where a plane tree rustled its green leaves, church organs claimed to be made, and likewise gold to be beaten by some mysterious giant who had a golden arm starting out of the wall The "golden arm" an arm-and-hammer symbol , an ancient sign of the gold-beater's craft is now housed at the Charles Dickens Museum , but a modern replica could be seen sticking out of the wall near the Pillars of Hercules pub at the western end of Manette Street formerly Rose Street , [25] until this building was demolished in The chapter novel was published in 31 weekly instalments in Dickens's new literary periodical titled All the Year Round.

From April to November of , Dickens also republished the chapters as eight monthly sections in green covers. All but three of Dickens's previous novels had appeared as monthly instalments prior to publication as books. The last ran 30 weeks later, on 26 November. The Telegraph and The Guardian claim that it is one of the best-selling novels of all time.

Dickens uses literal translations of French idioms for characters who cannot speak English, such as "What the devil do you do in that galley there?!! Borges quipped: "Dickens lived in London. In his book A Tale of Two Cities , based on the French Revolution, we see that he really could not write a tale of two cities.

He was a resident of just one city: London. Several pairs of contrasting words in the opening lines have been interpreted to illustrate the dichotomous climate of the social disparities between the French bourgeoisie and aristocracy around the time of French Revolution. It is predicted that just as the end of the French Revolution gave rise to a new Age of Reason, empowering citizens across France, the current situation may also usher in a new light in due course of time.

Some have argued that in A Tale of Two Cities Dickens reflects on his recently begun affair with eighteen-year-old actress Ellen Ternan , which was possibly platonic but certainly romantic. Lucie Manette has been noted as resembling Ternan physically. In the play, Dickens played the part of a man who sacrifices his own life so that his rival may have the woman they both love; the love triangle in the play became the basis for the relationships among Charles Darnay, Lucie Manette, and Sydney Carton in Two Cities.

Sydney Carton and Charles Darnay may bear importantly on Dickens's personal life. The plot hinges on the near-perfect resemblance between Sydney Carton and Charles Darnay; the two look so alike that Carton twice saves Darnay through the inability of others to tell them apart.

Carton is Darnay made bad. Carton suggests as much:. There is nothing in you to like; you know that. Ah, confound you! What a change you have made in yourself! A good reason for talking to a man, that he shows you what you have fallen away from and what you might have been! Change places with him, and would you have been looked at by those blue eyes [belonging to Lucie Manette] as he was, and commiserated by that agitated face as he was? Come on, and have it out in plain words!

You hate the fellow. Darnay is worthy and respectable but dull at least to most modern readers , Carton disreputable but magnetic. One can only suspect whose psychological persona it is that Carton and Darnay together embody if they do , but it is often thought to be the psyche of Dickens. He might have been quite aware that between them, Carton and Darnay shared his own initials, a frequent property of his characters.

Dickens dedicated the book to the Whig and Liberal prime minister Lord John Russell : "In remembrance of many public services and private kindnesses. The reports published in the press were divergent. Thomas Carlyle was enthusiastic, which made the author "heartily delighted". Oliphant found "little of Dickens" in the novel. The character of Bane is in part inspired by Dickens's Madame Defarge : He organises kangaroo court trials against the ruling elite of the city of Gotham and is seen knitting in one of the trial scenes like Madame Defarge.

There are other hints to Dickens's novel, such as Talia al Ghul being obsessed with revenge and having a close relationship to the hero, and Bane's catchphrase "the fire rises" as an ode to one of the book's chapters. Jump to content Navigation. Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file. Download as PDF Printable version.

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Article Talk. Read Edit View history. More Read Edit View history. For other uses, see A Tale of Two Cities disambiguation. For the Indian film, see Subarnarekha film. This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in French. April Click [show] for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the French article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate , is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.

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A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at [[:fr:A Tale of Two Cities]]; see its history for attribution. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Dewey Decimal. Retrieved 5 January The Guardian. Retrieved 7 September The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 11 January Archived from the original on 26 May Retrieved 17 February April

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