Aqa a level biology textbook pdf download

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Explain how it would be bcncficial for plants to make and sccrctc chitinascs as a defence system. Every coll in an organism is adapted to perform a function — you can always trace some of its features back to its function. Different cells even use the exact same molecules to do completely different things. Take glucose, for example — all plant cells use it to make cellulose, but they can also make starch from it if they need to store energy Smashing.

Without them, we'd have no cell membranes. You owe it to them to make sure you can remember all o f the stuff about them on these pages. It'll help you and your membranes get a good grade. Triglycerides are a Kind of Lipid Triglycerides have one molecule of glycerol with three fatty acids attached to it. The tails are 'hydrophobic' they repel water molecules. These tails make lipids insoluble in water. All fatty acids have the same basic structure, but the hydrocarbon tail varies.

When the ester bond is formed a molecule of water is released. This process happens twice more to form a triglyceride. Fatty Acids can be Saturated or Unsaturated There are two kinds of fatty acids — saturated and unsaturated. The difference is in their hydrocarbon tails R group. Saturated fatty acids don't have any double bonds Unsaturated fatty acids have at least one double bond between their carbon atoms. The fatty acid is between carbon atoms, which cause the chain to kink.

The fatty acid tails are hydrophobic repel water. This is important in the cell membrane see next page to find out why. They're good for this because: 1 The long hydrocarbon tails of the fatty acids contain lots of chemical energy — a load of energy is released when they're broken down.

Phospholipids make up the bilayer of cell membranes see p. Cell membranes control what enters and leaves a cell. Use the Emulsion Test for Lipids If you wanted to find out if there was any fat in a particular food you could do the emulsion test: 1 Shake the test substance with ethanol for about a minute so that it dissolves, then pour the solution into water. Test substance and ethanol Shake s Add to water Milky colour indicates lipid Practice Questions Q1 What type of bond is made from a condensation reaction between glycerol and a fatty acid molecule?

Q2 Describe how you would test for lipids in a solution. Exam Questions Q1 Triglycerides have a hydrophobic tail. Explain how this feature of a lipid is important for its function. Not really. Otherwise you might upset your Biology teacher a bit. Instead, why not sit and contemplate all those phospholipids jumping around in your plasma membranes But what are proteins?

What do they look like? Well, for your enjoyment, here are the answers to all those questions and many, many more Grant's cries of "die peptide, die" could be heard for miles around. He'd never forgiven it for sleeping with his wife. The only difference between them is what makes up their R group.

Polypeptides are Formed by Condensation Reactions E. A molecule of water is released during the reaction. The bonds formed between amino acids are called peptide bonds. The reverse reaction happens during digestion. They're much easier to explain if you describe their structure in four 'levels'. These levels are a protein's primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures.

Primary Structure — this is the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain. Secondary Structure — the polypeptide chain doesn't remain flat and straight.

Hydrogen bonds form between the amino acids in the chain. This makes it automatically coil into an alpha a helix or fold into a beta 3 pleated sheet — this is the secondary structure. Tertiary Structure — the coiled or folded chain of amino acids is often coiled and folded further.

More bonds form between different parts of the polypeptide chain, including hydrogen bonds and ionic bonds attractions between negative and positive charges on different parts of the molecule. Disulfide bridges also form whenever two molecules of the amino acid cysteine come close together — the sulfur atom in one cysteine bonds to the sulfur atom in the other.

For proteins made from a single polypeptide chain, the tertiary structure forms their final 3D structure. Quaternary Structure — some proteins are made of several different polypeptide chains held together by bonds. The quaternary structure is the way these polypeptide chains are assembled together. For proteins made from more than one polypeptide chain e. They've all got different structures and shapes, which makes them specialised to carry out particular jobs. For example: 1 Enzymes — they're usually roughly spherical in shape due to the tight folding of the polypeptide chains.

They're soluble and often have roles in metabolism, e. They're made up of two light short polypeptide chains and two heavy long polypeptide chains bonded together. Antibodies have variable regions see p. Channel proteins contain hydrophobic water hating and hydrophilic water loving amino acids, which cause the protein to fold up and form a channel. These proteins transport molecules and ions across membranes. They consist of long polypeptide chains lying parallel to each other with cross-links between them.

Structural proteins include keratin found in hair and nails and collagen found in connective tissue. Negative result Positive result There are two stages to this test. The test solution needs to be alkaline, so first you add a few drops of sodium hydroxide solution. Then you add some copper ll sulfate solution. The colours are pale, so you need to look carefully. Q2 Give three functions of proteins. Q3 Describe how you would test for the presence of protein in a sample. Exam Questions Q1 Leucyl-alanine is a dipeptide.

Describe how a dipeptide is formed. Describe the tertiary structure of a protein like myoglobin. Contemporary settings and applications are talked about all through improving the pertinence and enthusiasm for students. The going with CD-ROM contains point by point answers including workings to all inquiries in the coursebook, exhortation on amendment and how to approach examinations, and proposals of extra and correlative further assets.

Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Privacy Policy About us Contact us. A level Biololgy E books. Share on Facebook. A level Biology book pdf free download Embraced by Cambridge International Examinations and completely supporting the prerequisites of the most recent Cambridge International AS and A Level Biology syllabus for first examination in , this coursebook thoroughly covers all the learning and aptitudes understudies require amid this course.

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Sign up for free Log in. AQA biology A level. Student book Item Preview. EMBED for wordpress. Want more? Contemporary settings and applications are talked about all through improving the pertinence and enthusiasm for students. The going with CD-ROM contains point by point answers including workings to all inquiries in the coursebook, exhortation on amendment and how to approach examinations, and proposals of extra and correlative further assets.

Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Privacy Policy About us Contact us. A level Biololgy E books. Share on Facebook. A level Biology book pdf free download Embraced by Cambridge International Examinations and completely supporting the prerequisites of the most recent Cambridge International AS and A Level Biology syllabus for first examination in , this coursebook thoroughly covers all the learning and aptitudes understudies require amid this course.

You can download the pdf for a level biology book here:. Moiz bhai ye melega? A level physics by Roger Muncaster. Thanks a ton for this!! No words to appreciate you! How can i download biology book for A level, i cant see a link.